Menopause typically denotes the end of your periods, however it is really about the decline in ovarian hormone production: estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. Many women know they have reached menopause once they have not had a period for a year, but is harder to know if a woman has had a hysterectomy or is using a Mirena.

Menopause symptoms can include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes (including premenstrual mood issues, new onset anxiety or low mood or exacerbation of existing mood conditions), sleep disturbances, vaginal dryness, reduced libido, joint pain, and changes in skin and hair. These symptoms vary in severity and duration among women. They can begin up to 10 years prior to your final period during perimenopause or the menopause transition. Some symptoms can persist beyond menopause as they are due to persisting low hormone levels.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the most effective treatment, but there are other medications that may help in managing these symptoms. Additionally, lifestyle changes like wearing lightweight clothing, staying hydrated, avoiding triggers like spicy food or alcohol, and practicing stress-reduction techniques can help.

Yes, the drop in estrogen levels during menopause can lead to a decrease in bone density, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. Weight-bearing exercises, calcium-rich diets, vitamin D supplements, and in some cases, HRT, can help maintain bone health. It also contributes to loss of muscle mass, strength and an increase in joint inflammation.

Treatment options include hormone replacement therapy (HRT), non-hormonal medications, lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, or supplements to support your health and wellbeing.